Is the iraqi dinar being revalued - The revaluation of the Iraqi dinar is ready to be implemented by the country's Central Bank; however, the Parliamentary Economic and Investment Commission has decided to postpone the revaluation to 2019. The plan is to eliminate zeros from the value of the Iraqi currency, allowing the dinar to gain value on the global market. …

 
Iraq and the Revaluation of the Iraqi Dinar. The revaluation of the Iraqi Dinar involves multiple factors, many of which are interconnected. Here are some of the key influences: 1. Economic Stability: A key factor in the potential revaluation would be the economic stability of Iraq. This could be reliant on the country’s GDP, inflation rates .... S.c. state employee salaries

Welcome to our channel for the latest Iraqi Dinar news and updates in 2023! Stay informed with real-time coverage on the Iraqi Dinar, including news, revalua...REUTERS/Ahmed Saad. A man counts Iraqi dinars on a money counting machine at a currency exchange shop in Baghdad on January 23, 2023. Iraq’s cabinet approved a currency revaluation on Tuesday and set the exchange rate at 1,300 dinars per US dollar, a cabinet statement said on Tuesday. The Iraqi dinar had been selling at …Oct 12, 2017 · Despite the recent history of the Iraqi dinar being so weak, the potential for an Iraqi dinar revalue could be a game changer. A revaluation could take the currency out of the global currency basement, and put it back up on the main floor – where it had been for decades up until 1991. Is the dong being revalued? In the joint statement, ... Will Iraqi dinar ever revalue? A currency revaluation seems unlikely, due to economic turmoil and the difficulty of trading the money outside of Iraq. Ultimately, Iraq ended up devaluing its currency in 2020, meaning that anyone who had invested in 2014 would have lost at least 20% of ...The Iraqi dinar ( Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈnɑːr]) ( Arabic: دينار; sign: ID [1] in Latin, د.ع in Arabic; code: IQD) is the currency of Iraq. It is issued by the Central Bank of Iraq and is subdivided into 1,000 fils (فلس), although inflation has rendered the fils obsolete since 1990. [2] On 7 February 2023, the exchange rate ...This Blog is for Speculation , Rumors about the Revaluation of Currencies. We provide daily dinar updates and dinar recaps, featuring insights from popular dinar gurus. Stay informed with our comprehensive coverage of the latest dinar revaluation status and gain valuable insights from dinar guru opinions.Iraq's Requirement for Dinar Transactions: Yes, the Iraqi government has mandated that all domestic financial transactions within Iraq must be conducted in Iraqi dinars (IQD) starting January 1, 2024. This applies to purchases, sales, and other financial activities within the country's borders.Here's what to do if your travel goes wrong while on a partner award ticket. Nobody likes it when a trip goes wrong. But what happens when you’re faced with a trip interruption on ...1,310.0000 – 1,310.0000. Updated spot exchange rate of IRAQI DINAR (IQD) against the US dollar index. Find currency & selling price and other forex information.United States Dollar to Iraqi Dinar. 1,308.8010. May 11, 7:46:00 PM UTC · Disclaimer. 1D. 5D. 1M. 6M. YTD. 1Y. 5Y. MAX. search Compare to. EUR / IQD. 1,411.8691. EUR0.00% …The first was a revaluation, in early February, of the official exchange rate of the Iraqi Dinar (IQD) versus the US Dollar (USD) by 10.3% or from USD 1 = IQD 1,450 to USD 1 = IQD 1,300. The second was the implementation of its recent measures to widen access to the official rate and to remove bureaucratic barriers for the transfer of funds to ...10 WAYS THE CENTRAL BANK OF IRAQ AFFECTS DINAR REVALUATION. Establishes Price Stability, Arrests Inflation, and Strengthens Iraq’s Currency. Stabilizes the Dinars Exchange Rate. Audits Banking Reserves to Correct IMF’s Estimates. Aligns with Best International Banking Practices. Reduces Systemic Banking Risks.WOW US Bank Accepted 25,000 Dinar Equal $25,000 Dollar – 2:56 Chase Bank RV Started Wells Fargo And JP Morgan Date & Time of IQD Fixed – 3:23 100 % …#iraqidinar#iraqidinarnewstoday#iraqidinarnews2024#iraqidinarupdatesWelcome to" iraqi dinar updates" your premier source for the latest news …Feb 7, 2023 · The Iraqi government approved a currency revaluation on Tuesday to strengthen the dinar against the dollar. During its weekly meeting, the Cabinet set the official exchange rate at 1,300 Iraqi dinar per US dollar. The previous rate was at 1,460 Iraqi dinar to the dollar. Iraqi Dinar Historical Floating Today 2024🔥iraqi dinar news🔥RV update iq... Walkingstick All these meetings that the CBI had with all these agencies that were helping them with their monetary reform are done. Al... TEXAS SNAKE Texas Snake, [03/16/2024, 10:17:58 a. m.]: Texas Snake, please forgive me I know this is long, but I’ve been ...If you've been thinking about upgrading your Amex Hilton card, now's the time with bonus offers of 150,000 Hilton Honors points on the table. We may be compensated when you click o...ERBIL, Kurdistan Region - The head of the Iraqi central bank on Sunday announced that all transactions inside the country will only be made using the Iraqi dinar in 2024, as the value of the ...Following a smattering of leaks, Sonos and Ikea just unveiled the newest addition to their three-year-old Symfonisk line of home speakers. As the name implies, the Picture Frame is...Item 1 of 2 Police officers gather as Iraqi protesters demonstrate against the dinar's slide in value against the U.S. dollar, near the central bank in Baghdad, Iraq January 25, 2023. REUTERS ...Iraq had a stable history until the year 1980. Before Saddam Hussein’s upset of the economy, the Iraqi Dinar had a stable exchange rate of almost $4.00 USD at its peak. Pegged to either the British Pound or the U.S. dollar, the Iraqi Dinar was completely stable before the chaos of Mr. Hussein began.Learn more about the differences between a redenomination and a revaluation in The Iraqi Dinar Scam: Why Buying the Dinar is for Dummies, and see why the Iraqi dinar is more likely to be redenominated than revalued. 3. Inflation. Currently the Iraqi Central Bank is reporting inflation rates that vary, depending on the month, from -4% to +8%.Other news: Mike Bara has said that a Tier 3 bond holder on the U.S. East coast has received his notification. Waiting to hear if he has been paid. Expecting a wire any …Welcome to the Iraqi Dinar exchange rate & live currency converter page. The Iraqi Dinar (IQD) exchange rates represented on this page are live, updated every minute within the forex market's ...The Iraqi dinar is still being sold to thousands of unwitting buyers. The country is still in trouble politically and economically. The currency keeps losing value to the dollar.Iraq's foreign currency reserves have risen to $64 billion from $48 billion since Iraq devalued its currency almost a year ago, Iraqi Central Bank Governor Mustafa Ghalib said on Tuesday.1.1.1 The Impact of Wars on the IQD. The Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) and the subsequent Gulf War in 1991 had profound effects on Iraq’s economy and its currency. These prolonged conflicts strained resources, disrupted economic stability, and resulted in the devaluation of the Iraqi Dinar.Feb 8, 2023 · Iraq's cabinet approved a currency revaluation on Tuesday and set the exchange rate at 1,300 dinars per U.S. dollar, the state news agency reported. Feb 7, 2023 · The Iraqi authorities have approved a revaluation of the Iraqi dinar. In a statement said on Tuesday, the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) said that, starting on Wednesday, t he exchange rates will be as follows: 1,320 dinars per dollar: the sale price of the dollar from banks and non-bank financial institutions to the final beneficiary. The dinar ... This is a huge setback to the expected dinar revaluation. Perhaps diversification of the economy to reduce dependence on oil might stabilize the Iraqi economy as well as its currency. 2. Speculation. Before the first Gulf War, the dinar was much stronger than the dollar. After the initial devaluation, people expected the currency to bounce back.It’s the demand over their assets being the sweetest crude oil east to refine. And a lot of it. The Iraqi Dinar Revaluation: For those of you who might be disappointed that the dinar was only revalued to 1300 per dollar, don’t be! It was a very intelligent move by the Iraqi cabinet! Many people in Iraq have a lot of US dollars, due to the ...1 day ago · Start Here: Biggest Dinar Myths & Secrets Exposed. ( Updated: 5/14/2024 ) Official Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) Dinar Rate: 1310 IQD to 1 USD. Dinar Market Rate: (CBI last reported for August-2021) 1475.14 IQD to 1 USD. - Rates Are Within IMF 2% Rule: NO. - Are Rates IMF 2% Rule Compliant for 90 Days: NO. THE IRAQI GOVERNMENT SUBMITS A REQUEST TO REDUCE THE WORK OF THE UNITED NATIONS MISSION AND CLOSE IT PERMANENTLY. Political: Euphrates News} The Iraqi government submitted, on Sunday, a request to the United Nations Security Council to reduce the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Iraq …Contractors in Iraq are presently being paid at the revalued rate of 1:1 (one Iraq dinar to one US dollar). Mnt Goat: I am still being told my the CBI that when the govt is completed and stable Iraq will complete the project to delete the zeros and then we know what comes next.The Iraqi dinar ( Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈnɑːr]) ( Arabic: دينار; sign: ID [1] in Latin, د.ع in Arabic; code: IQD) is the currency of Iraq. It is issued by the Central Bank of Iraq and is subdivided into 1,000 fils (فلس), although inflation has rendered the fils obsolete since 1990. [2] On 7 February 2023, the exchange rate ...There is a lot of dinar out there that was a speculation investment. There is no question that it was sold as an investment for sometime in the future in hope that the country will stabilize and the currency will get back into the world markets. At present, it's not. In otherwords, the Iraqi dinar can only be spent in Iraq and only recognized ...During its weekly meeting, the Cabinet set the official exchange rate at 1,300 Iraqi dinar per US dollar. The previous rate was at 1,460 Iraqi dinar to the dollar. The revaluation plan was submitted by …#iraqidinar#iraqidinarnewstoday#iraqidinarnews2024#iraqidinarupdatesWelcome to" iraqi dinar updates" your premier source for the latest news and updates rela...Iraq needs to address the economy’s structural imbalances to halt the dinar’s volatility. By Ahmed Tabaqchali. A planned implementation of global procedural requirements for cross-border payments by the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) in mid-November 2022 had a detrimental effect on the volumes of the CBI’s daily “Foreign Currency Selling Window,” better known as the CBI’s US Dollar ...21 Feb 2024 ... Iraqi Dinar | Date is Final Dinar Revaluation Happening In March Exchange Rate $3 Iraqi Dinar News · Comments11.With the Iraqi Dinar revalued in-country Iraqi banks were closed until Thurs. 30 Dec. The Crown, Vatican and US Inc. were officially without monies as of Fri. 31 Dec. 2021. To keep the world financially afloat, it was obvious that a Global Currency Reset had to be in place by at least Sat. 1 Jan. 2022.Mar 9, 2010 · ;)To put it simply, the Iraqi Dinar is currently worth less than 1/10th of a US penny (Approximately $1000 US dollars buys 1 million Iraqi Dinar). Historically, the Iraqi Dinar has been wo... Guest views are now limited to 12 pages. ERBIL, Kurdistan Region - The head of the Iraqi central bank on Sunday announced that all transactions inside the country will only be made using the Iraqi dinar in 2024, as the value of the ...The Central Bank of Iraq announced Thursday the approval from the US Federal Reserve to supply dollar cash in 2024, as part of efforts to stabilize the Iraqi economy and its …IQD - Iraqi Dinar. The Iraqi Dinar is the currency of Iraq. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Iraqi Dinar exchange rate is the IQD to USD rate. The currency code for Dinars is IQD, and the currency symbol is ع.د. Below, you'll find Iraqi Dinar rates and a currency converter. Notice: IQD may be redenominated.Oct 27, 2021 · Luckily, the figure for Iraq’s oil costs in 2021 makes the Iraqi dinar in 2022 further higher than the Iraqi dinar’s future prediction for 2020. The Iraqi dinar revaluation in 2022 remains at $39.50/b (Oil prices are included). The Iraqi dinar revaluation in 2022 is 23.4% higher than Iraq’s 2020 financial plan proposed. By Qassim Abdul-Zahra. BAGHDAD (AP) — Hundreds of protesters rallied Wednesday near the Central Bank in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, angered by the recent devaluation of the Iraqi dinar and demanding the government take action to stabilize the currency. The protesters — mainly young people — rallied amid a heavy security presence, with ... In 2010, the Central Bank of Iraq announced their plans to redenominate the Iraqi Dinar to ease cash transactions. The intention would be to drop three zeros ...This is a huge setback to the expected dinar revaluation. Perhaps diversification of the economy to reduce dependence on oil might stabilize the Iraqi economy as well as its currency. 2. Speculation. Before the first Gulf War, the dinar was much stronger than the dollar. After the initial devaluation, people expected the currency to bounce back.The Grim Reaper is the black-cloaked, scythe-wielding personification of death. Learn why the Grim Reaper is so grim and why he's a guy. Advertisement ­As the saying goes, nothing ...Al-Bajari said that the head of the Central Bank of Iraq had previously said that this policy from parliament was accepted and that the zeros will be deleted from the Iraqi currency in the next 5 ...Iraqi Dinar | US Treasury Key to Dinar's Revaluation | Iraqi Dinar News Today 2024📰 Explore topics such as:- Iraqi Dinar Revaluation Latest News- Pimpy's in...Still, Iraqi officials say the measures have led to a dollar shortage, which has led the Iraqi dinar to change hands at more than 1,500 per dollar in the unofficial market in recent months, up to ...Yes the dinar get rich quick is a scam for nearly ten years. Those invested in toilet paper from Iraq known as dinar are never going to believe or at least publicly admit they've been duped, bamboozled, scammed, suckered, etc. not one of them understands the true economics of Iraq and their currency no less will they understand why Iraq has …IRAQI DINAR CONVERTER. Iraqi Dinar Converter. Iraqi Dinar Exchange Rate. DISCLAIMER. Dinar Revaluation Blog is not a registered investment adviser, broker dealer, banker or currency dealer and as such, no information on the Website or Email newsletter is a financial advise. This Blog is for Speculation , Rumors about the …Despite the recent history of the Iraqi dinar being so weak, the potential for an Iraqi dinar revalue could be a game changer. A revaluation could take the currency out of the global currency basement, and put it back up on the main floor – where it had been for decades up until 1991.17 hours ago · 1,310.0000 – 1,310.0000. Updated spot exchange rate of IRAQI DINAR (IQD) against the US dollar index. Find currency & selling price and other forex information. The Iraqi dinar is still being sold to thousands of unwitting buyers. The country is still in trouble politically and economically. The currency keeps losing value to the dollar.Section 1, Staging an Iraqi Dinar Revaluation (RV): A Unique Background of Events provided a detailed, historical context surrounding the Iraqi Dinar, This included its evolution, the impact of wars, the role of economic sanctions, and the popular reasons for speculations regarding an Iraqi Dinar revaluation. Section 2, A Sky High Iraqi Dinar …FRANK: The monetary reform education is being presented to the Iraqi citizens... FIREFLY: International Development Bank opens in Erbil. ... Dinar Revaluation Blog is not a registered investment adviser, broker dealer, banker or currency dealer and as such, no information on the Website or Email newsletter is a financial advise. ...Dec 26, 2023 · Iraq's Requirement for Dinar Transactions: Yes, the Iraqi government has mandated that all domestic financial transactions within Iraq must be conducted in Iraqi dinars (IQD) starting January 1, 2024. This applies to purchases, sales, and other financial activities within the country's borders. May 6, 2024 · May 6. Emailed to Recaps: Ariel: Major Update. It is being reported that financial liquidity is available and there are no risks to the Iraqi dinar. A lot of things are being completed. Also economic affairs expert Safwan Qusay confirmed that financial liquidity is available and there are no high risks regarding the existence of the Iraqi dinar. Oct 27, 2021 · Luckily, the figure for Iraq’s oil costs in 2021 makes the Iraqi dinar in 2022 further higher than the Iraqi dinar’s future prediction for 2020. The Iraqi dinar revaluation in 2022 remains at $39.50/b (Oil prices are included). The Iraqi dinar revaluation in 2022 is 23.4% higher than Iraq’s 2020 financial plan proposed. well that is not something we talk about really but things are moving in Iraq faster than we are being told for sure----Special THANKS to Birdieorbust, Liberty Lounger Extraordinaire, for sharing remarks from Mark Z 5.11.24 ... Dinar Revaluation Blog is not a registered investment adviser, broker dealer, banker or currency dealer and as such ...Iraq and the Revaluation of the Iraqi Dinar. The revaluation of the Iraqi Dinar involves multiple factors, many of which are interconnected. Here are some of the key influences: 1. Economic Stability: A key factor in the potential revaluation would be the economic stability of Iraq. This could be reliant on the country’s GDP, inflation rates ...Iraq will ban cash withdrawals and transactions in U.S dollars as of Jan. 1 2024 in the latest push to curb the misuse of its hard currency reserves in financial crimes and the evasion of U.S ...The Iraqi Dinar Revaluation Scam: What to do if you have bought or are being offered Iraqi Dinars by Guerriero, Nate - ISBN 10: 1479388483 - ISBN 13: 9781479388486 - CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ... Have you been conned by the Iraqi Dinar Revaluation Scam? I have, and know many others who have. ...The revaluation was approved by the Iraqi Government based on recommendations from the Central Bank of Iraq in order to strengthen the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar. The official exchange rate was set to 1,320 dinars per one US dollar , as opposed to the previous rate of 1,460 dinars per dollar.1 day ago · Start Here: Biggest Dinar Myths & Secrets Exposed. ( Updated: 5/14/2024 ) Official Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) Dinar Rate: 1310 IQD to 1 USD. Dinar Market Rate: (CBI last reported for August-2021) 1475.14 IQD to 1 USD. - Rates Are Within IMF 2% Rule: NO. - Are Rates IMF 2% Rule Compliant for 90 Days: NO. Luckily, the figure for Iraq’s oil costs in 2021 makes the Iraqi dinar in 2022 further higher than the Iraqi dinar’s future prediction for 2020. The Iraqi dinar revaluation in 2022 remains at $39.50/b (Oil prices are included). The Iraqi dinar revaluation in 2022 is 23.4% higher than Iraq’s 2020 financial plan proposed.The cost of 100000 Iraqi Dinars in United States Dollars today is $76.35 according to the “Open Exchange Rates”, compared to yesterday, the exchange rate increased by 0.01% (by +$0.00000007). The exchange rate of the Iraqi Dinar in relation to the United States Dollar on the chart, the table of the dynamics of the cost as a …Have you been conned by the Iraqi Dinar Revaluation Scam? I have, and know many others who have. This "investment" has been around since the end of the First Iraq War, and continues to reach into the wallets of unsuspecting people eager to earn a large return on their money in these times when that's a hard thing to come by!In this book I show you how the scam works, a bit of the history of it ...Iraq had a stable history until the year 1980. Before Saddam Hussein’s upset of the economy, the Iraqi Dinar had a stable exchange rate of almost $4.00 USD at its peak. Pegged to either the British Pound or the U.S. dollar, the Iraqi Dinar was completely stable before the chaos of Mr. Hussein began.Iraq will ban cash withdrawals and transactions in U.S dollars as of Jan. 1 2024 in the latest push to curb the misuse of its hard currency reserves in financial crimes and the evasion of U.S ...Learn more about the differences between a redenomination and a revaluation in The Iraqi Dinar Scam: Why Buying the Dinar is for Dummies, and see why the Iraqi dinar is more likely to be redenominated than revalued. 3. Inflation. Currently the Iraqi Central Bank is reporting inflation rates that vary, depending on the month, from -4% to +8%.The Iraqi Dinar Revaluation Scam: What to do if you have bought or are being offered Iraqi Dinars by Guerriero, Nate - ISBN 10: 1479388483 - ISBN 13: 9781479388486 - CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ... Have you been conned by the Iraqi Dinar Revaluation Scam? I have, and know many others who have. ...8 Feb 2023 ... ERBIL (Kurdistan 24) – The Iraqi government on Tuesday reset the local currency value against the US dollar, as the IQD value fluctuations ...Since the revaluation of the Iraq dinar (IQD) is based on the country’s financial stability, here are 10 structural measures that the CBI has taken to stabilize the Iraqi currency so that revaluation is a realistic possibility. HOW THE CENTRAL BANK OF IRAQ AFFECTS DINAR REVALUATION 1. Establishes Price Stability, Arrests Inflation, …This Blog is for Speculation , Rumors about the Revaluation of Currencies. We provide daily dinar updates and dinar recaps, featuring insights from popular dinar gurus. Stay informed with our comprehensive coverage of the latest dinar revaluation status and gain valuable insights from dinar guru opinions.28 Apr 2024 ... "CBI ANNOUNCED THE US TREASURY ON DINAR CURRENCY REVALUATION"/iraqi dinar news today 2024/iqd dinar · Comments.2 days ago · IQD to USD Chart. Iraqi Dinar to United States Dollar. 1 IQD = 0.000764 USD May 13, 2024 17:37 UTC. 30 days. 60 days. 90 days. 180 days.

12 Mar 2023 ... In order to address the problem of smuggling, Iraq's government revalued the price of the Iraqi dinar to 1,310 dinars to the dollar from the .... Wa bdr

is the iraqi dinar being revalued

Feb 8, 2023 · REUTERS/Ahmed Saad. A man counts Iraqi dinars on a money counting machine at a currency exchange shop in Baghdad on January 23, 2023. Iraq’s cabinet approved a currency revaluation on Tuesday and set the exchange rate at 1,300 dinars per US dollar, a cabinet statement said on Tuesday. The Iraqi dinar had been selling at 1,470 dinars against ... Currency Converter is an exchange rate information and news app only and not a currency trading platform. The information shown there does not constitute financial advice. Conversion rates Iraqi Dinar / US Dollar. 1 IQD. 0.00076 USD. 5 IQD. 0.00382 USD.IRAQI DINAR CONVERTER. Iraqi Dinar Converter. Iraqi Dinar Exchange Rate. DISCLAIMER. Dinar Revaluation Blog is not a registered investment adviser, broker dealer, banker or currency dealer and as such, no information on the Website or Email newsletter is a financial advise. This Blog is for Speculation , Rumors about the …Indices Commodities Currencies StocksDec 28, 2021 · With the Iraqi Dinar revalued in-country Iraqi banks were closed until Thurs. 30 Dec. The Crown, Vatican and US Inc. were officially without monies as of Fri. 31 Dec. 2021. To keep the world financially afloat, it was obvious that a Global Currency Reset had to be in place by at least Sat. 1 Jan. 2022. The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has announced a package of measures to help stabilise the dinar/dollar exchange rate.. A translation of the statement from the CBI list the following: Allowing the banks participating in the foreign currency buying and selling window to buy any amounts in foreign currency and deposit them with this bank in …The Iraqi Dinar Has Revalued (IQD RV) this is a old video the rate according to www.xe.com as of today is 1168/0.00085 their forth this video is useless take a look at the video it refers to (i think it was ) 2012 rate not 2017 anything over two days old is useless2 days ago · IQD to USD Chart. Iraqi Dinar to United States Dollar. 1 IQD = 0.000764 USD May 13, 2024 17:37 UTC. 30 days. 60 days. 90 days. 180 days. 5/13/24 Frank26, KTFA. 5/13/24 Gold and Silver, News. 5/13/24 Advice, Personal Finance. 5/13/24 Chats and Rumors, Economics. 5/13/24 Economics, News. Dinar Recaps Blog page has all the best Dinar stories and rumors from all the major Dinar Forums into one place. Quick, easy and consolidated.That’s it. The evidence is, banks know now. 3-11-2024 Newshound Guru Clare Article: “With its rise locally…. Iraq’s gold reserves were revealed” Quote: “The economic advisor to the Prime Minister, Mazhar Muhammad Salih, revealed the size of the Iraqi gold reserve at the Central Bank of Iraq…Monetary gold falls within the ...This report outlines a comprehensive set of factors contributing to this perspective, aiming to provide a thorough analysis of the landscape surrounding the case for an Iraqi Dinar revaluation (RV). 1.1 The Evolution of the Iraqi Dinar. The history of the Iraqi Dinar dates back to its introduction as Iraq’s official currency in 1932.The Iraqi dinar (iqd) is the currency code for the national currency of Iraq. Investing in the iqd presents both potential opportunities and significant risks. Scams targeting dinar investors are prevalent, emphasizing the importance of due diligence. The dinar’s value is influenced by factors such as oil prices, geopolitical stability, and ....

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