Compared to uncross-linked products cross-linked products - Advanced Physics questions and answers. An important application of Equation 10.5.15 is the evaluation of Mr; P.J. Flory, N. Rabjohn and M.C. Shaffer measured the tensile force required for 100% elongation of synthetic rubber with variable cross-linking at 25°C. The molecular weight of the uncross-linked polymer was 225,000, its density was 0. ...

 
Materials and methods: The effect on proliferative activity in cultures of native cutaneous fibroblasts and keratinocytes was investigated for noncross-linked HA, for noncross-linked HA with added glycerol, for HA that was stabilized in the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups per inner esterification, and for HA that was chemically cross-linked by 1,4 .... Kroese and kroese sioux center

Biodegradable blends of potato starch and polyvinyl alcohol were prepared by solution casting method. Citric acid was employed to introduce the plasticizing effect into the starch materials. Glutaraldehyde as cross-linker was used to enhance the properties of the blend films. Cross-linking is a common method to improve the strength and stability of starch products. The effects of citric acid ...The current study aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of AXs and laccase-induced cross-linked AXs using three commonly used antioxidant assays, and …With the efficient cross-linking abilities and the flexible regulation abilities to the performances of cross-linked products, the multi-functional aliphatic epoxides were once widely used to cross-link the collagen-based materials in the last century. In present work, the multi-functional epoxides were used to construct and cross-link collagen …Also, Fig. S2a (Supplementary data) shows IR spectra of uncross-linked PVA, cross-linked PVA, and cross-linked PVA/Aloe vera membranes. For native PVA and uncross-linked PVA membrane; the band at ν 3253 cm −1 is pointed to –OH stretching peak; while the peak at ν 1425 cm −1 is allocated to -OH groups [ 43 ].A cross Linker. A Oligomers. 32 Q Liquid and powder systems use_that gather energy from the heat of the room or hand while UV curing products use photo initiators that derive their extra energy from exposure to UV. ... Compared to uncross linked products cross linked nail enhancements. Take less time to remove in acetoneDOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00238-0 Corpus ID: 95429560; Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked and uncross- linked linear low-density polyethylene-wax blends @article{Hlangothi2003ThermalAM, title={Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked and uncross- linked linear low-density polyethylene-wax blends}, …Low cell viability is present in the glutaraldehyde cross-linked hydrogel, this might be because it acts as a chemical cross-linking agent and induces cytotoxicity. The freeze–thaw and genipin cross-linked hydrogels exhibit greater cell viability in comparison with uncross-linked hydrogels and TCPS (Tissue Culture Polystyrene) control. [9]. 3 ...The rooftop symbols were a bit too prominent for comfort China’s Zhejiang province has a large Christian population, but that will become quite a bit less apparent if authorities h...Jan 31, 2012 · However, the cross-linked chitosan films show increased brittleness when compared to uncross-linked films. By increasing the load magnitude, the microhardness increases for both uncross-linked and ... The yuan now accounts for 48% of China's cross-border transactions versus 47% for the US dollar. Jump to For the first time ever, the yuan has eclipsed the US dollar as the most us...May 23, 2022 · The common feature of non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid nano-needles is that they penetrate the skin and dissolve rapidly, and the non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid will migrate under the skin, so it is difficult to maintain the long-term expansion effect in a fixed position. In order to achieve the relatively long-term antiwrinkle effect, a kind of cross-linked and non-cross-linked compound ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.In today’s fast-paced world, effective communication is key to success. Whether you’re a student, professional, or simply someone who wants to improve their productivity, the abili...In today’s fast-paced business environment, efficient product identification is crucial for companies across various industries. From manufacturing to distribution, having accurate...The common feature of non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid nano-needles is that they penetrate the skin and dissolve rapidly, and the non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid will migrate under the skin, so ... The results were compared with calculated values obtained previously4 on the basis of the theory. ... the uncross-linked polymer, Tg is cross-linked polymer and n DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00238-0 Corpus ID: 95429560; Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked and uncross- linked linear low-density polyethylene-wax blends @article{Hlangothi2003ThermalAM, title={Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked and uncross- linked linear low-density polyethylene-wax blends}, author={Shanganyane Percy Hlangothi and Igor Krupa and Vladimir Djokovi ... The molecular weight of the uncross-linked polymer was 225,000, its density was 0.92 g/cm", and the average molecular weight of a repeat unit was 68. ... of the following samples and compare the calculated value with that obtained from the known fraction of repeat units cross-linked: Fraction cross-linked F/A (Ib-force/in.) 0.005 61.4 0.010 83. ...The divergent nature of chemically and physically cross-linked products tailors them to specific applications. Chemically cross-linked foams feature fine-celled structures, epitomizing toughness and longevity, as seen in materials like cross-linked polyethylene foam and foam rubber. While their rough exterior may lack aesthetic …Comparative study of cross- and uncross-linked arabinoxylans extracted from maize bran with special reference to their structural and antioxidant potential November 2022 International Journal of ... cytes (NHEK) on the cross-linked and uncross-linked fibrinogen/polycaprolactone (Fbg/PCL) nanofibers to determine a suitable scaffold for skin tissue engineering. A comparative study on biodegradation of di-cumyl peroxide (DCP) crosslinked and uncrosslinked natural rubber by Pseudomonas sp. was carried out. Decrease in organic carbon content along with the changes in tensile strength of the treated rubber, both DCP crosslinked and uncrosslinked natural rubber, indicated rubber …We also synthesize an uncross-linked poly(n-butyl 4-styrenesulfonate) as a control sample for comparison with a cross-linked polymer. The conductivities of the CL-sSA membrane with the high f sSA are measured by impedance spectroscopy, and the conductivities are compared with those of conventional PEMs with a low f sSA .Before the cross-linking process, a total of forty SU-8 monomers (7960 atoms) are packed into a 3D periodic simulation cell with a density of 1.07 g cm −3, which is the typical value for SU-8 photoresist. 32 The initial uncross-linked structure of SU-8 model is constructed at the temperature of 300 K by using the Amorphous Cell module, 30 which uses a Monte …Before the cross-linking process, a total of forty SU-8 monomers (7960 atoms) are packed into a 3D periodic simulation cell with a density of 1.07 g cm −3, which is the typical value for SU-8 photoresist. 32 The initial uncross-linked structure of SU-8 model is constructed at the temperature of 300 K by using the Amorphous Cell module, 30 which uses a Monte …The obtained product contains a highly interconnected system and called as Hyper Cross-linked polymer . The resultant product has a lower density as compared to lightly crosslinked precursor [ 15 ]. Similarly, styrene–divinylbenzene containing chloromethylated gel are also formed by Friedel Crafts reactions. an adhesive. a nail polish base coat is a type of. primer. which of the following is not a basic type of primer? dual acid. a substance that can cause visible and possibly permanent skin or eye damage is. a corrosive. a corrosive acid-based primer can cause painful burns and _____________ to soft tissue and eyes. scars. cytes (NHEK) on the cross-linked and uncross-linked fibrinogen/polycaprolactone (Fbg/PCL) nanofibers to determine a suitable scaffold for skin tissue engineering.These authors found that compared with uncross-linked 6FDA 0.5 /DABA 0.5-180 membrane, the pure CO 2 permeability of 6FDA 0.5 /DABA 0.5-400 membrane after decarboxylation-induced cross-linking increased by about 10-fold [25]. These results support our findings that tuning the DABA content in polymer backbone is an effective … Fumes: are the same thing as vapors. are the liquid form of a solid. are a blend of sootlike particles and vapors. usually result from freezing a liquid. are a blend of sootlike particles and vapors. The (___) the nail plate, the better the foundation will be for nail enhancements. thicker. more porous. thinner. older. The multilayered coatings showed improved corrosion resistance and lower wear rates compared to the single-layer coating and untreated Ti45Nb substrate. ... Cross-linked and uncross-linked CS films with and without HAp reinforcement underwent nano-DMA experimentation. The dynamic loading used in nano-DMA quantifies the time …Biodegradable blends of potato starch and polyvinyl alcohol were prepared by solution casting method. Citric acid was employed to introduce the plasticizing effect into the starch materials. Glutaraldehyde as cross-linker was used to enhance the properties of the blend films. Cross-linking is a common method to improve the strength and stability of …For pure CS film, TPP cross-linked film significantly improved the elastic modulus compared to the noncross-linked one, whose elastic modulus values were close to the reported values for human ...comparison of Λ between this lightly cross-linked system and uncross-linked system, a linear relation between ln Λ and ε is assumed as in the case of uncross-linked system. The solid line in Fig.7 is calculated by the least squares method, and the slope of the line is shown in the figure. Comparing withCross-linking. FeCl 3 (6.7 g, 41.3 mmol) was dissolved into 11.0 ml of DMM to prepare cross-linking solution with the DMM/FeCl 3 molar ratios of 3:1. Reaction solutions with different ratios of DMM/FeCl 3 were prepared similarly by changing the amount of FeCl 3.Then, the membrane was immersed into a closed bottle (50 ml) …ambacrylates. Fumes: are the same thing as vapors. are the liquid form of a solid. are a blend of sootlike particles and vapors. usually result from freezing a liquid. are a blend of sootlike particles and vapors. The (___) the nail plate, the better the foundation will be for nail enhancements. thicker. more porous. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00238-0 Corpus ID: 95429560; Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked and uncross- linked linear low-density polyethylene-wax blends @article{Hlangothi2003ThermalAM, title={Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked and uncross- linked linear low-density polyethylene-wax blends}, author={Shanganyane Percy Hlangothi and Igor Krupa and Vladimir Djokovi ... Compared with uncross-linked films, the mechanical properties, barrier properties and water resistance of the cross-linked films were significantly improved. When the concentration of CA was 5 wt% (W/W, on a dry basis of the weight of OVT and CS), the most significant improvement in film performance was obtained.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Light, Vitamin C, Turn lead into gold and more.The PS/CS/CA films exhibited a homogenous and denser structure with higher surface roughness as well as enhanced water resistance, mechanical and antimicrobial properties compared with uncross-linked films. Particularly, the results indicated that the films cross-linked with 15% CA showed the best comprehensive properties among all films.Fig. 1 illustrates the progress of some of the rheological (G ′ and tan δ at ω = 1 rad/s) and micro-rheological parameters (1 / l * and MSD 0.1 s) as a function of the GDL-induced pH decrease of uncross-linked samples (i.e., 0 h). G ′ was close to 0 Pa above pH ~5, where electrostatic repulsion between the casein particles was strong enough to … DE019508/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States. The aim of this study is to determine the nano and micro mechanical properties for uncross-linked and cross-linked chitosan films. Specifically, we looked at nanoindentation hardness, microhardness, and elastic modulus. It is important to study the nano and microscale mechanical properties of chitos …. This is why we wanted to also establish whether it is possible to improve the blend properties by cross-linking. Instead of dicumyl peroxide (DCP), which was used as a cross-linking agent in the previous paper [4], we used dibenzoyl peroxide (DBP) in the present study. The reason was to compare the cross-linking efficiency of these two …Affiliate marketing is a popular strategy for generating passive income online. One of the most common methods used by affiliates is promoting products through pay-per-click (PPC) ...Conclusions. Thermal properties of uncross-linked and cross-linked LLDPE/wax blends were investigated in this paper. For cross-linked blends the gel content was determined. It was observed that a DCP concentration of 0.5 has a low cross-linking efficiency. By using 2 and 3% DCP, high gel content was observed.The cell size distribution, cell diameter, cell density, volume expansion ratio, and foaming rate of radiation-cross-linked polypropylene under different foaming conditions were analyzed and compared.The results were compared with calculated values obtained previously4 on the basis of the theory. ... the uncross-linked polymer, Tg is cross-linked polymer and nTo compare type b and c cross-links, fully cross-linked dendrons 5a, 5b, and 5c were synthesized through different methods (Figure 3c). ... With the assumptions that the cross-linked products had a spherical shape and the R g values approximated the molecular radii, the polymer volumes after 95% cross-linking were calculated to be …When the cross-linking was complete, the thickness and grammage of the coatings were increased when compared with their non-cross-linked counterparts. The weight gain observed after the cross-linking is due to the accumulation of the CA attached by esterification into the hydroxyl groups in the nanocellulose fibers (De Cuadro et al. …Are you in need of a Windows 10 product key to activate your operating system? Whether you’ve just built a new computer or are looking to upgrade from an older version of Windows, ...The cross-linked films are superior wound dressing materials compared to their uncross-linked counterparts. Chitosan accelerates the wound healing process by stimulating inflammatory cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts, thereby boosting the inflammatory phase [41] of wound healing. PVA has excellent water uptake properties …Nanoscale carriers that stably load drugs in blood circulation and release the payloads in desirable sites in response to a specific trigger are of great interest for smart drug delivery systems. For this purpose, a novel type of disulfide core cross-linked micelles, which are facilely fabricated by …2.3.. Viscoelasticity measurementsUncross-linked and cross-linked starch–pectin samples (5%, w/v) were prepared in 20 ml sealed screw-capped flasks with deionised water using a motorised stirrer.For gelatinisation of the uncross-linked blends, the polysaccharide dispersions were heated to ∼80 °C for 20 min under continuous …In today’s digital age, smartphones have become an integral part of our lives. We use them for communication, entertainment, and even productivity. However, there are times when us...May 23, 2022 · The common feature of non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid nano-needles is that they penetrate the skin and dissolve rapidly, and the non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid will migrate under the skin, so it is difficult to maintain the long-term expansion effect in a fixed position. In order to achieve the relatively long-term antiwrinkle effect, a kind of cross-linked and non-cross-linked compound ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Most chemicals are: A) deadly B) dangerous to touch C) dangerous to ingest D) completely safe, Everything you …where w 0 is the initial weight of the dry sample; w is the weight of the swollen sample; ρ w is the density of the water which was measured after removing the excess liquid on the sample surface by a filter paper and ρ is the density of the dry and uncross-linked gelatin [].. Thermal properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) …GLI release showed controlled behavior compared to commercial anti-diabetic drugs. ... which approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and has been used in cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, and foods for many ... For this purpose, 10 mg of cross-linked GNPs or uncross-linked gelatin (G) were heated with 3 ml of 0.5 …A comparative study on biodegradation of di-cumyl peroxide (DCP) crosslinked and uncrosslinked natural rubber by Pseudomonas sp. was carried out. Decrease in organic carbon content along with the changes in tensile strength of the treated rubber, both DCP crosslinked and uncrosslinked natural rubber, indicated rubber …In today’s fast-paced business environment, efficient product identification is crucial for companies across various industries. From manufacturing to distribution, having accurate...DE019508/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States. The aim of this study is to determine the nano and micro mechanical properties for uncross-linked and cross-linked chitosan films. Specifically, we looked at nanoindentation hardness, microhardness, and elastic modulus. It is important to study the nano and microscale mechanical properties of chitos …. Which of the following is NOT a chemical? a) light. b) water. c) soil. d) oxygen. Click the card to flip 👆. a) light. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 45. Affiliate marketing is a popular strategy for generating passive income online. One of the most common methods used by affiliates is promoting products through pay-per-click (PPC) ...Further, the dimers and trimers of ferulic acid are cross linked with AXs and form feruloylated AXs, which have a significant role in the synthesis of cross-linked AXs (hydrogels). [ 4 ] Hydrogels are colorless product derived from the modification of complex carbohydrates polymers with high hydration capacity and viscosity. [ 5 ]A comparative study on biodegradation of di-cumyl peroxide (DCP) crosslinked and uncrosslinked natural rubber by Pseudomonas sp. was carried out. Decrease in organic carbon content along with the changes in tensile strength of the treated rubber, both DCP crosslinked and uncrosslinked natural rubber, indicated rubber …Cross-linked HA and MXF-HA showed well-organized structures with high porosity and small pore size compared with uncross-linked HA (Fig. 1F,G). However, it is to be noted that the addition of MXF ...Conclusions. Thermal properties of uncross-linked and cross-linked LLDPE/wax blends were investigated in this paper. For cross-linked blends the gel content was determined. It was observed that a DCP concentration of 0.5 has a low cross-linking efficiency. By using 2 and 3% DCP, high gel content was observed.In this research, oxidized sucrose, a novel aldehyde-based green cross-linker, endowed starch films with substantial improvement in both tensile strength and elongation, whereas many other cross-linkers did not. Starch films are usually weak, brittle, and highly moisture sensitive, and thus have restricted industrial applications. Cross-linking is one of the …An overlay of the uncross-linked F 2-Tyr157 CDO structures with and without a substrate cysteine bound at the active site is shown in Fig. 3d, and an overlay of the cross-linked and uncross-linked ...The American Red Cross is on the ground in Houston providing hurricane relief. Here's what to know about donating to the organization. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive news...Adjustment of the β-casein content was achieved by blending uncross-linked or cross-linked β-casein poor solution with uncross-linked β-casein rich solution in ratios of 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, or 100:0, with 90:10 roughly corresponding to the status of the original skim milk (this was estimated from the weight of the achieved powders).Apr 16, 2024 · The divergent nature of chemically and physically cross-linked products tailors them to specific applications. Chemically cross-linked foams feature fine-celled structures, epitomizing toughness and longevity, as seen in materials like cross-linked polyethylene foam and foam rubber. While their rough exterior may lack aesthetic appeal, it ... The Cross Product (TCP) | 2,174 followers on LinkedIn. AI and 3D LIDAR for infrastructures | The Cross Product offers railway and highway softwares performing inspections, inventories, reverse ...Genipin is a natural cross-linking agent, and it forms a cross-linked product with strong stability, low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility, and low susceptibility to calcify. ... Compared with the uncross-linked tracheal tissue, the cross-linked tracheal tissue performed better in mechanical compression tests and showed no obvious ...This behavior was observed for microparticles uncross-linked and cross-linked with genipin, indicating a tendency of slower release as chitosan concentration rises from 1.5 to 2.0 %. For microparticles containing 1.0 and 1.5 % of chitosan, an approximate fourfold decrease of k BL was observed in the comparison of spheres uncross-linked …The multilayered coatings showed improved corrosion resistance and lower wear rates compared to the single-layer coating and untreated Ti45Nb substrate. ... Cross-linked and uncross-linked CS films with and without HAp reinforcement underwent nano-DMA experimentation. The dynamic loading used in nano-DMA quantifies the time …Download scientific diagram | A, cross-linking analysis by SDS-PAGE. Uncross-linked or cross- linked complexes ( lanes 1 and 4 , respectively), preincubated in 6 M urea ( lanes from publication ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.cross-linked with cross-linker DCP is generally greater than that of uncross-linked specimens. Even when the DCP content of cross-linked polyethylene is only 0.5 wt%, the DC breakdown fi eld ...The uncross-linked cellulose hydrogels had a swelling ratio of 325%, while the swelling ratio of the cross-linked hydrogels could achieve ~ 900%. With increasing …DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.08.006 Corpus ID: 42702849; Nano and micro mechanical properties of uncross-linked and cross-linked chitosan films. @article{Aryaei2012NanoAM, title={Nano and micro mechanical properties of uncross-linked and cross-linked chitosan films.}, author={Ashkan Aryaei and Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa and Ambalangodage C. Jayasuriya}, journal={Journal of the mechanical behavior ...Jul 1, 2023 · Compared with the uncross-linked ternary complex coacervate, the complex in situ cross-linked with 1.0 % Ca 2+ for 1 h still retains its typical solid characteristics, and has a more compact network structure and better stability. Our research results also showed that prolonging the cross-linking time (from 3 h to 5 h) and increasing the ... In recent years, cross-border e-commerce has witnessed significant growth in India. With the rise of online marketplaces and increased consumer demand for international products, t...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A coating that ____ undergoes a chemical reaction. evaporates polymerizes hardens upon evaporation liquefies, Which of the following contains methacrylic acid? acid-free primers nonacid and acid-free primers nonacid primers acid-based primer, The ____ the nail plate, the better the foundation will be for nail enhancements. older ...Cross-linking by EDC-NHS route results in better stability in comparison to cross-linking methods, such as dehydrothermal cross-linking [75,[83] [84] [85]. However, a comparative study of cross ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Snap says it's still in an early experimental stage with this feature and wants to make sponsored links as useful as possible. After Snap’s stock took a hit from its weak first-qua...REVOLAX ingredients have a unique cross-linking structure which maintains a low percentage of product migration. This means that the product is able to stay close to the injection site. As REVOLAX is highly cross-linked, results are long-lasting when compared to other dermal fillers, as the skin takes longer to break down the filler.

Compared to its uncross-linked counterpart, the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of the composite board that had been cross-linked by glutaraldehyde and phosphoric acid were .... Does walgreens have a bathroom

compared to uncross-linked products cross-linked products

a subunit in the cross-linked product. Cross-linked Go can be ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin. This ADP- ribosylation is inhibited by GTPrS with a concentra- tion dependence that is indistinguishable from that of the control, uncross-linked Go. These two kinds of ex- periments indicate that a, is able to change its confor- mation even though ... The cell size distribution, cell diameter, cell density, volume expansion ratio, and foaming rate of radiation-cross-linked polypropylene under different foaming conditions were analyzed and compared.The current study aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of AXs and laccase-induced cross-linked AXs using three commonly used antioxidant assays, and …A substantial amount of uncross-linked telopeptide structures was also found. Previous studies, where direct chemical cross-link analyses have been used to assess the maturity of cross-linking, have inferred that bone contains more divalently than trivalently cross-linked C-telopeptides.Meanwhile, at each selected time point from day 3 till day 14, the DNA concentration of PA 0.5 scaffold was significant higher compared to both uncross-linked and GA scaffold, specifically, at day 14, the DNA concentration determined from PA 0.5 scaffold shows significant higher than uncross-linked and GA cross-linked scaffold (P < 0.05), which ...Jun 24, 2014 · Biodegradable blends of potato starch and polyvinyl alcohol were prepared by solution casting method. Citric acid was employed to introduce the plasticizing effect into the starch materials. Glutaraldehyde as cross-linker was used to enhance the properties of the blend films. Cross-linking is a common method to improve the strength and stability of starch products. The effects of citric acid ... The rooftop symbols were a bit too prominent for comfort China’s Zhejiang province has a large Christian population, but that will become quite a bit less apparent if authorities h...Both Juvéderm ™ products contain unmodified or uncross-linked, free HA. Unmodified HA is included as a lubricant to help decrease extrusion force and make injection easier. Juvéderm ™ Ultra is injected into the mid-dermis via 30-gauge needle while Juvéderm ™ Ultra Plus is implanted deeper via a 27-gauge needle.Materials and methods: The effect on proliferative activity in cultures of native cutaneous fibroblasts and keratinocytes was investigated for noncross-linked HA, for noncross-linked HA with added glycerol, for HA that was stabilized in the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups per inner esterification, and for HA that was chemically cross-linked by 1,4 ...As expected, the surface morphology and fiber diameter were observed to remain relatively unchanged when compared to uncross-linked electrospun gelatin scaffolds. The SEM image of the uncross-linked and DHT cross-linked gelatin scaffolds are depicted in Figure 1. The gelatin nanofibers presented randomly oriented morphology and smooth surfaces. cytes (NHEK) on the cross-linked and uncross-linked fibrinogen/polycaprolactone (Fbg/PCL) nanofibers to determine a suitable scaffold for skin tissue engineering. In contrast to chemical cross-links, physical cross-links are formed by weaker interactions. For example, sodium alginate gels upon exposure to calcium ions, which form ionic bonds that bridge between alginate chains. [5] Download scientific diagram | Crystallization exotherms of the uncross-linked and cross-linked materials from publication: Effect of organoclay content on mechanical and rheological properties of ....

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